What is Computer Protocol, Whar are Computer Protocols, Meaning of Protocol, What does Protocol Means, LIst of Protocols

Q. WHAT IS PROTOCOL ?
Ans. An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices. The protocol determines the following: 

• The type of error checking to be used,
• Data compression method, if any
• how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message
• how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message

There are a variety of standard protocols from which programmers can choose. Each has particular advantages and disadvantages; for example, some are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and some are faster.

From a user's point of view, the only interesting aspect about protocols is that your computer or device must support the right ones if you want to communicate with other computers. The protocol can be implemented either in hardware or in software.


Layer 1 protocols (Physical Layer)


ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
T-carrier (T1, T3, etc.)
E-carrier (E1, E3, etc.)
RS-232, a serial line interface originally developed to connect modems and computer terminals
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET Synchronous Optical NETworking
Modem standards/ITU V-Series Protocols used to communicate between analog modems over voice telephone lines.
ITU-T G.hn Physical Layer

Layer 1+2 protocols
Ethernet
GFP ITU-T G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure
OTN ITU-T G.709 Optical Transport Network also called Optical Channel Wrapper or Digital Wrapper Technology

Layer 2 protocols (Data Link Layer)
ARCnet　Attached Resource Computer NETwork
CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol
DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol
Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Econet
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Frame Relay
ITU-T G.hn Data Link Layer
HDLC High-Level Data Link Control
IEEE 802.11 WiFi
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
LocalTalk
L2F Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol
L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
LAPD Link Access Procedures on the D channel
LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol
LLDP-MED Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media Endpoint Discovery
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
Q.710 Simplified Message Transfer Part
NDP Neighbor Discovery Protocol
RPR IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol (obsolete)
StarLAN
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
Token ring is not a protocol but is a topology
VTP VLAN Trunking Protocol

Layer 2+3 protocols
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Frame relay, a simplified version of X.25 welcome
MPLS Multi-protocol label switching
X.25
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Layer 1+2+3 protocols
MTP Message Transfer Part
NSP Network Service Part

Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer)
CLNP Connectionless Networking Protocol
EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol
EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
IPSec Internet Protocol Security
IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange
SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part
AppleTalk DDP

Layer 3 protocols (Network Layer management)
IS-IS Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
RIP Routing Information Protocol
ICMP Router Discovery Protocol: Implementation of RFC 1256
Gateway Discovery Protocol (GDP) is a Cisco protocol similar to IRDP

Layer 3.5 protocols
HIP Host Identity Protocol

Layer 3+4 protocol suites
AppleTalk
DECnet
IPX/SPX
Internet Protocol Suite
Xerox Network Systems

Layer 5 protocols (Session Layer)
9P Distributed file system protocol developed originally as part of Plan 9
NCP NetWare Core Protocol
NFS Network File System
SMB Server Message Block
SOCKS "SOCKetS"

Other protocols
Controller Area Network (CAN)
Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)
Digital Command Control (DCC)
Financial Information eXchange (FIX)
I²C
modbus
DECnet protocol family from Digital Equipment Corporation (now HP)
Service Location Protocol SLP
Service Advertising Protocol SAP

Layer 7 protocols (Application Layer)
ADC, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
AFP, Apple Filing Protocol
BACnet, Building Automation and Control Network protocol
BitTorrent, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
BOOTP, Bootstrap Protocol
CAMEL, an SS7 protocol tool for the home operator
Diameter, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
DICOM includes a network protocol definition
DICT, Dictionary protocol
DNS, Domain Name System
DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
ED2K, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
FTP, File Transfer Protocol
Finger, which gives user profile information
Gnutella, a peer-to-peer file-swapping protocol
Gopher, a hierarchical hyperlinkable protocol
HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IMAP, Internet Message Access Protocol
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
ISUP, ISDN User Part
XMPP, an instant-messaging protocol
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
MIME, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MSNP, Microsoft Notification Protocol (used by Windows Live Messenger)
MAP, Mobile Application Part
NetBIOS, File Sharing and Name Resolution protocol - the basis of file sharing with Windows.
NNTP, News Network Transfer Protocol
NTP, Network Time Protocol
NTCIP, National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol
POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3
RADIUS, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
Rlogin, a UNIX remote login protocol
rsync, a file transfer protocol for backups, copying and mirroring
RTP, Real-time Transport Protocol
RTSP, Real-time Transport Streaming Protocol
SSH, Secure Shell
SISNAPI, Siebel Internet Session Network API
SIP, Session Initiation Protocol, a signaling protocol
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol
SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol
STUN, Session Traversal Utilities for NAT
TUP, Telephone User Part
Telnet, a remote terminal access protocol
TCAP, Transaction Capabilities Application Part
TFTP, Trivial File Transfer Protocol, a simple file transfer protocol
WebDAV, Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning
DSM-CC Digital Storage Media Command and Control

WHAT IS LINUX, History of LINUX, ALL ABOUT LINUX, HCL of LINUX, LINUX, UNIX

Question :
What is LINUX, History of LINUX, All about LINUX, HCL of LINUX, LINUX Notes, UNIX
Answer :
Linux is an Operating System, DEFINITION - Linux (often pronounced LIH-nuhks with a short "i") is a Unix-like Operating System that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing system. Linux's KERNEL (the central part of the operating system) was developed by "Linus Torvalds" at the University of Helsinki in Finland.

HCL OF LINUX :

Fedora Linux (HCL) hardware compatibility list


If you are not able to obtained Fedora Core HCL then it is available online via Red Hat site. Whatever HCL supported by Redhat Linux (RHEL) is also suppored by Fedora core linux. Here are direct links to Red Hat Hardware compatibility List as well as other site that will help you to make your final decsion:

1. Graphics adaptors - http://wiki.x.org/wiki/FAQ
2. Audio adaptors - http://www.alsa-project.org/
3. Printers - http://www.linuxprinting.org/
4. Digital cameras - http://www.gphoto.org/
5. Scanners and imaging devices - http://www.sane-project.org/
6. Modems -http://linmodems.org/

The Red Hat Hardware Catalog, the database containing certified and compatible hardware for Red Hat products is here

Also, do not forget to check out Fedora Community Project Wiki it has some good information

TIME LINE OF LINUX :

1983

September Richard M. Stallman announces the GNU Project, an attempt at creating a completely free operating system.

1984

January - Work begins on the GNU operating system

1985

October - Free Software Foundation established as a non-profit organization to promote the development of Free Software. Sponsors the GNU Project.

1987

December - Larry Wall releases version 1.0 of Perl
January - Computer science professor Andrew Tannenbaum publishes the textbook Operating Systems: Design and Implementation which includes a copy of a teaching version of Unix called Minix.

1989

February - Version 1 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) is released.

1991

December - Robert Blum posts the first Linux FAQ
September - Version 0.01 of Torvald's project is made available via ftp.funet.fi. Ari Lemmke, the systems administrator, gives the directory the name Linux.
August - Linus Torvalds announces that he's working on an operating system similar to Minix.
June - Version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) is released.
October - Richard Stallman expresses interest in having the Free Software Foundation distribute a GNU system with the Linux kernel.

1992
November - Software und System Entwicklung GmbH (SuSE) founded in Nuremberg, Germany. Distributes a German version of SLS with corresponding manuals.
September - A Linux distribution called Softlanding Linux System (SLS) is released. Early users include Patrick Volkerding and Ian Murdock.
March - Version 0.95 of the Linux kernel released. First version to be able to support X-Window.
February What could be described as the first Linux "distribution", called MCC Interim Linux is released by the University of Manchester, England.
January - alt.os.linux newsgroup created. Minix creator Andrew Tannenbaum claims "Linux is obsolete" in a posting to comp.os.minix and starts a public discussion on the merits of Linux in which Linus Torvalds participates.

1993
August - Ian Murdock creates the Debian distribution.
August - Version 1.0 of Slackware released by Patrick Volkerding. It is based on the SLS distribution. March Matt Welsh issues the Linux Documentation Project Manifesto. He states that the goal of the LDP is to "collaborate in taking care of all of the issues of Linux documentation".

1994
October - Marc Ewing releases the first version of Red Hat Linux. Linux distributor Caldera founded by Ray Noorda of Novell and Ransom Love.
September William R. Della Croce, Jr. of Boston, Massachusetts registers the Linux trademark. He begins, shortly thereafter, to ask for compensation for the use of the word Linux.
June - Jon 'maddog' Hall founds Linux International - Rasmus Lerdorf releases the first version of the PHP scripting language.
May - Michael McLagan registers the linux.org domain.
April - Version 1.0 of SuSE Linux released. It is based on SLS.
March - Linux kernel version 1.0 released. - First issue of Linux Journal published.

1995
March - Bob Young partners with Marc Ewing and forms Red Hat Software. Apache Web Server project started as a series of patches to the NCSA HTTPd server (a patchy server).

1996
October - Kool Desktop Environment (KDE) project announced.
September - Linus Torvalds along with Linux Journal, Yggdrasil Computing, Inc., Linux International Work Group Solutions and with the help of Digital Equipment Corporation and Red Hat, file suit against William R. Della Croce, Jr. to re-assign the Linux trademark to Linus Torvalds. The firm of Davis & Schroeder handles the case on an almost pro-bono basis.
May - Linus Torvalds suggests that a "slightly overweight penguin" would be the best mascot for Linux. He recommends Larry Ewing's "Tux" penguin images.
March - Linux kernel version 2.0 released.

1997
August - The Linux trademark dispute between William Della Croce and Linus Torvalds is settled, with Della Croce re-assigning the trademark to Torvalds.
May Eric S. Raymond gives a paper entitled The Cathedral and the Bazaar at Linux Kongress. It outlines the principles of what would become known as the "open source" method.
February - Linus Torvalds moves to California and begins working for Transmeta, a microprocessor manufacturer.

1998
December - Corel releases Word Perfect 8 for Linux as a free download.
November - Eric S. Raymond releases internal Microsoft memos, known as the "Halloween Documents", that show that the company is formulating plans to deal with the increasing use of Linux.
August - Forbes magazine devotes its cover story to Linus Torvalds.
July - Version 1.0 of the K Desktop Environment (KDE) released.  Gael Duval creates Mandrake Linux.
July - Sam Ockman founds Penguin Computing. It is the first hardware company to produce Linux-only systems.
May - Google search engine appears using servers running Linux.
February - Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond found the Open Source Initiative, an organization to promote the use of open source software and establish guidelines for open source licenses.

1999
November - Matthew Szulik replaces Bob Young as CEO of Red Hat. - Corel releases Linux distribution.
October - VA Linux systems stock reaches $320 US after starting its initial public offering (IPO) at $30. Ending the day at $239.25, it is the largest first-day gain in history to date.
August - Red Hat has its initial public offering (IPO) and becomes a publicly traded company.
May - Dell pre-installs Red Hat Linux on some servers and workstations.
March - GNOME 1.0 desktop released.
March - The Burlington Coat Factory announces that it is using Linux in its stores.
January - Linux kernel version 2.2 released.

2000
October - IBM CEO Louis Gerstner announces that the company will invest $1 billion in Linux development.
October - Microsoft buys a large stake in Corel.
September - Trolltech releases the QT libraries, used by KDE, under the GPL.
August - Caldera Systems acquires the Santa Cruz Operation's (SCO) Unix server division.
May - Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer calls Linux "a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches." in an interview with the Chicago Sun-Times.
March - A Netcraft survey reveals that Apache webserver powers 60% of the World Wide Web. Linux distributor Caldera Systems Inc has its initial public offering (IPO).

2001
November - Microsoft files a trademark infringement suit against Lindows, claiming the similarity to the name Windows "confuses the public".
November - 18 year-old Brazilian developer Marcelo Tosatti becomes the maintainer of the 2.4 kernel
October - Amazon.com reveals in a SEC filing that switching to Linux has saved them over $20 million.
August - MP3.com founder Michael Robertson starts development on Lindows, a Debian-based distribution which promises to be a Linux distribution that can be used by anybody.
May - Linus Torvalds publishes his autobiography entitled Just for Fun with the help of journalist David Diamond.
January - Linux kernel version 2.4 released. - Corel announces that it is selling its Linux unit.

2002
August - Caldera announces that they are changing their name to The SCO Group and are going to concentrate on Unix development - Free office suite OpenOffice.org 1.0 is released.
Shares of VA Linux stock reach an history low $0.64 US. Having been the highest climber in IPO history, VA Linux becomes the poster child for the dot-com bust.
July - Walmart begins selling Microtel PCs through their online store with Lindows and Mandrake Linux pre-installed
Version 1.0 of the free sound codec Ogg Vorbis is released.
June - Ransom Love is ousted as CEO of Caldera and is replaced by Darl McBride.
May - Linux distributors Caldera, SuSE, Turbolinux and Conectiva sign an agreement to form UnitedLinux and jointly develop a Linux distribution for servers.
February - Linus Torvalds begins using BitMover's BitKeeper to manage kernel development. Bitkeeper is proprietary software and many, including Richard Stallman, criticize the decision.
January - Credit Suisse First Boston fined $100 million for fraud in connection with the VA Linux IPO.

2003
December - Linux kernel version 2.6 is released.
November - Novell acquires German Linux distributor SuSE.
August - Novell buys Linux desktop software company Ximian.
July - Red Hat announces that they will no longer sell boxed sets of their Linux distribution for retail customers. Instead, they will distribute Linux to end users via a development distribution called Fedora Core.
June - La Junta de Extremadura (Spain) announces that 80,000 computers in their schools are running a distribution called GNU/LinEx. - Linus  Torvalds announces that he's leaving Transmeta to work full time on the kernel for the Open Source Development Labs. The Torvalds family moves to Oregon.
May - The city of Munich, Germany announces that it's switching 14,000 PCs from Windows to Linux.
January - Maureen O'Gara of LinuxGram posts a story that SCO is planning on suing Linux vendors for using proprietary Unix intellectual property. The SCO Controversy begins.(see separate SCO timeline)

2004
October - During the Superbowl, IBM runs a commercial promoting Linux featuring Muhammed Ali and other celebrities
October - First version of Ubuntu Linux released.
July - Microsoft settles its trademark dispute with Lindows. Lindows changes its name to Linspire and assigns Microsoft the rights to the Lindows name. Microsoft pays $20 million and grants Linspire licenses to use certain Windows media libraries.

2005
December - In strongly worded emails to the GNOME mailing list, Linus Torvalds reveals that he prefers KDE to GNOME, starting a small controversy. "Gnome seems to be developed by interface nazis...", claims Torvalds.
April - Larry McVoy, creator of BitKeeper, discontinues support for the free BitKeeper client after complaining about attempts to reverse engineer it. Linus Torvalds announces that he will no longer use BitKeeper for kernel development. Torvalds starts work on a replacement he calls Git.

2006
November - Novell and Microsoft sign a controversial agreement in which Novell agrees to work on SUSE Linux/Windows interoperability while Microsoft pledges not to sue Novell's customers for possible patent infringement. The agreement is poorly received by the Linux-user community. It also prompts a re-write of the upcoming version 3 of the GNU General Public License in order to insert clauses to prohibit distribution of GPL software under such patent agreements.
May - Nicolas Negroponte displays the first working prototype of a $100 laptop computer running Linux and designed for children in the third world. Bill Gates ridicules the project.
April - Oracle CEO Larry Ellison announces that the company may develop their own Linux distribution. "...it makes a lot of sense for us to look at distributing and supporting Linux.", states Ellison.
January - Linus Torvalds reveals that he doesn't like the anti-DRM provisions in the draft for version 3 of the GNU General Public License and as it stands, he won't convert the Linux kernel to it.

2007
June - Linux distributors Xandros and Linspire sign patent agreements with Microsoft similar to the pact previously signed between Novell and Microsoft. Ubuntu Linux maintainer Mark Shuttleworth and Mandriva CEO François Bancilhon publicly rule out making such agreements. It is also revealed that Red Hat had been negotiating a pact with Microsoft though finally no agreement was reached.
May - Dell announces that it will pre-load Ubuntu Linux on selected desktop and laptop models of their computers.
Microsoft general counsel Brad Smith states in a Fortune magazine interview that his company believes that Linux and related projects infringe on over 230 Microsoft patents. There are fears that a patent war between Microsoft and the Free Software/Open Source developers. might break out.

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Programming on Linux
Most Linux distributions support dozens of programming languages. The most common collection of utilities for building both Linux applications and operating system programs is found within the GNU toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU build system. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for Ada, C, C++, Java, and Fortran. Proprietary compilers for Linux include the Intel C++ Compiler, Sun Studio, and IBM XL C/C++ Compiler. BASIC is supported in such forms as Gambas, FreeBASIC, and XBasic.

Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. While not as common, Linux also supports C# (via Mono), Vala, and Scheme. A number of Java Virtual Machines and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (HotSpot), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like Kaffe.

The two main frameworks for developing graphical applications are those of GNOME and KDE. These projects are based on the GTK+ and Qt widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are a number of Integrated development environments available including Anjuta, Code::Blocks, Eclipse, KDevelop, Lazarus, MonoDevelop, NetBeans, Qt Creator and Omnis Studio while the long-established editors Vim and Emacs remain popular.

WHAT IS HCL, What is Hardware Compatibility List, What is Minimum Hardware Requirement

Question : What is HCL, What is Hardware Compatibility List, What is Minimum Hardware Requirement ?

Ans. :  HCL is Hardware Compability List (i.e. Minimum or Recommended Hardware Requirement List) for a Software or Hardware Like :

Windows VISTA HCL  or System Requirement is :

=================================================================
Component____________Vista Capable (Normal) _______ Vista Premium Ready          
=================================================================
Processor or CPU_______800 Mhz or Higher __________ __ 1 GHz.....................................
Memory (RAM) ____ ___ 512 MB or Higher _____________ 1 GB .....................................
Disk Space ___________  20 GB _____________________  40 GB or More ......................
Network or LAN Card _ _ Need for Updates Only ________  Needed for Updates Only.......
Display _______________ SVGA (Direct X 9.0) _________   Directx 9 and WDDM 1.0 .....
Peripherals ____________ KeyBoard, Mouse ____________  Key Board, Mouse ................
Removable Storage ______CD/DVD ROM / RAM Drive____ 52 x or faster CD / DVD Drives
=================================================================


Windows XPs HCL is :
=================================================================
Component____________Minimum Requirement________ Recommended Requirement
=================================================================
Processor or CPU_______233 Mhz or Higher     _________ 300 Mhz or Higher
Memory (RAM)  _______  64  MB  or Higher    _________  128 MB
Disk Space  ___________ 1.5  GB ___________________ 2 GB or More
Network or LAN Card ___ No Need  _________________ Needed if Networking Required
Display _______________ 800 x 600 (VGA) ___________ SVGA or Higher
Peripherals ____________ KeyBoard, Mouse ___________ Key Board, Mouse
Removable Storage ______CD/DVD ROM / RAM Drive___ 12 x or faster CD / DVD Drives
=================================================================


Windows 7 (32 BIT) Hardware Compatibility List
=================================================================
Component____________Minimum Requirement________ Recommended Requirement
=================================================================
Processor or CPU_______ 1 GHz 32 Bit Processor ___________  or Higher
Memory (RAM) ________ 1 GB _________________________  or Higher
Disk Space ____________ 16 GB ________________________  or More
Network or LAN Card ___ Optional _______________________ Optional
Display _______________ SVGA / Graphics Accelerator Card __  or Higher
Peripherals ____________ KeyBoard, Mouse _______________  Key Board, Mouse
Removable Storage ______ CD/DVD ROM / RAM Drive___ 52 or faster CD/DVD Drives
=================================================================




Windows 7 (64 BIT) Hardware Compatibility List
=================================================================
Component____________Minimum Requirement________ Recommended Requirement
=================================================================
Processor or CPU_______ 1 GHz 64 Bit Processor ___________ or Higher
Memory (RAM) ________ 2 GB _________________________ or Higher
Disk Space ____________ 20 GB ________________________ or More
Network or LAN Card ___ Optional _______________________ Optional
Display _______________ SVGA / Graphics Accelerator Card __ or Higher
Peripherals ____________ KeyBoard, Mouse _______________ Key Board, Mouse
Removable Storage ______ CD/DVD ROM / RAM Drive___ 52 or faster CD/DVD Drives
=================================================================


WINDOWS 98 HCL
=================================================================
Component____________Minimum Requirement________ Recommended Requirement
=================================================================
Processor or CPU_______ 486 DX2 _________________ 233 or Higher
Memory (RAM) ________ 16 MB ___________________ or Higher
Disk Space ____________ 100 MB ________________ _ or More
Network or LAN Card ___ Optional _________________ Optional
Display _______________  16 Bit EGA / VGA _________ SVGA
Peripherals ___________ _ KeyBoard, Mouse __________ Key Board, Mouse
Removable Storage ______ CD/DVD ROM / RAM Drive__ 4x or faster CD/DVD Drives
=================================================================

How Many Servers are There in Microsoft Windows, Server Types, List of Servers

There are Many Type of Servers in Microsoft Windows. Like

1. Application Server - It can hold applications, scripts, routines, and programmes.
2. Audit / Video Server - also known as multimedia server - it is very fast and good in data transfer.
3. Chat Server - Chat servers can enable a large number of users to exchange information in an environment similar to Internet Newsgroups that offer real-time discussion capabilities.
4. DataBase Server - Where we need a dedicated server for Fax, if we are receiving so many fax in a day. It reduces Incoming and Outgoing Telephone resources but that need to fax actual documents.
5. DHCP Server - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - is a LOCAL as well as REMOTE server, which is responsible for Dynamic IP to our Nodes / Client Computers in our network / networks. It will give an ip on lease to our computers, and after certain period it can change the IP if required which is called Lease Period, there is a need of Scope of IP - i.e. IP Range it is an important server in the company.
6. Dialer Server - It is mostly used in Call Centeres and it can Auto Dial Telephone Numbers for Agents.
7. DNS Server - Domain Naming Server - also known as Naming Server - or also known as Domain Name Service Server - which can determines Internet Protocol (IP) numeric addresses to domain names presented in a convenient, readable form. (like if some domain have ip 192.168.1.23 - it can change its name to http:\\myserver.com.
8. Fax Server - It is an ideal solution for organizations looking to reduce incoming and outgoing telephone resources but that need to fax actual documents.
9. FTP Server - File Transfer Protocol Server,  which is the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet, generally we use this to launch our webpages, webpage submission, a company can hire FTP server or FTP Space if require, suppos we need to upload Large Amount of Date - so we need FTP Server.
10. Gaming or Game Server - A game server is a remotely or locally run server used by game clients to play multiplayer video games. Most video games played over the Internet operate via a connection to a game server.
11. Groupware Server - It is software designed to enable users to collaborate, regardless of location, via the Internet or a corporate Intranet and to work together in a virtual atmosphere (It can produce a virtual environment or you can sey interanet).
12. IMAP Server - The Internet Message Access Protocol Server (IMAP) is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol (POP). Virtually all modern e-mail clients and mail servers support both protocols as a means of transferring e-mail messages from a server.
13. IRC Server - Internet Relay Chat consists of various Separate Networks of servers that allow users to connect to each other via an IRC network. (for Example if someone is using MSN he can also CHAT with YAHOO MESSANGER friend).
14. LINUX Server -  It is Generally used as Normal Server as well as where we need more security then Windows Server / Servers - Most Companies use this as Proxy Server.
15. List Server - it offers a way to better manage mailing lists, whether they are interactive discussions open to the public or one-way lists that deliver announcements, newsletters, or advertising.
16. Mail Server - It is a computer that serves as an electronic post office for email. Mail exchanged across networks is passed between mail servers that run specially designed software. This software is built around agreed-upon, standardized protocols for handling mail messages, the graphics they might contain, and attachment files. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) each have a mail server for handling their clients’ mail messages, sometimes referred to as private mail servers. Some websites also offer public email services, utilizing their own mail servers.
17. News Server - It is a set of computer software used to handle Usenet articles. It may also refer to a computer itself which is primarily or solely used for handling Usenet. A reader server provides an interface to read and post articles, generally with the assistance of a news client. A transit server exchanges articles with other servers. Most servers can provide both functions.
18. Online Gaming Server - A game server is a remotely or locally run server used by game clients to play multiplayer video games. Most video games played over the Internet operate via a connection to a game server.
19. Outgoing Mail Server - It is responsible for Outgoing Mails (also see POP3 Server).
20. POP3 SERVER - Post Office Protocol 3 Server, used to describe how e-mail clients interact with mail servers,  POP3 Server is a type of mail server used for incoming mail. In simple terms, POP servers provide a mail-drop service (a temporary mailbox to leave messages so they can be picked up at the recipient's convenience.) When users connect to their ISP POP servers, their e-mail software interface with the server and download any messages for them. POP is only used to receive messages, it is not used to send them.
21. Print Server - Server or Computer which is attached to a printer and sharing it's printer to the entire or limited network is called Print Server. A print server, or printer server, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to client computers over a network, and can accept print jobs from the computers and send the jobs to the appropriate printers.
22. Proxy Server - it is a server (a computer system or an application program) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource, available from a different server. The proxy server evaluates the request according to its filtering rules. For example, it may filter traffic by IP address or protocol. If the request is validated by the filter, the proxy provides the resource by connecting to the relevant server and requesting the service on behalf of the client.
23. SAMBA Server - Samba-server provides a SMB (Server Message Block) server which can be used to provide network services to SMB (sometimes called "Lan Manager") clients. Samba uses NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) protocols and does NOT need NetBEUI (Microsoft Raw NetBIOS frame) protocol. Samba-2.2 features working NT Domain Control capability andincludes the SWAT (Samba Web Administration Tool) that allows samba's smb.conf file to be remotely managed using your favourite web browser.
24. SMB Server (Linux) - see SAMBA Server.
25. SMTP Server - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers, most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP. In addition, SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your e-mail application.
26. SQL Server - System Querry Language - Microsoft SQL Server is a relational model database server produced by Microsoft. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.
27. Telnet Server - it can enables users to log on to a host computer and perform tasks as if they're working on the remote computer itself.
28. UNIX Server - A broad category of computers within IBM which all run Unix operating systems such as AIX or Linux.
29. Update Server - The Server which is responsible for Windows / or Programme Updates to Othere Computer / Computers in our company / organisation / organisations etc.
30. Web Server - The server or servers in a company or organisation which holds webpage or hyper test or you can say --------it is a computer program that delivers (serves) content, such as web pages, using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over the World Wide Web. The term web server can also refer to the computer or virtual machine running the program.
31. RIS Server - Remote Installation Service Server - Some LAN Cards come with BOOT ROM i.e. PXE BIOS, they can boot from Network, hence ------ Remote Installation Services is a Microsoft-supplied server that allows PXE BIOS-enabled computers to remotely execute boot environment variables.
    On Windows 2003, two services are required to provide Remote Installation Services: DHCP and Remote Installation Service. The Remote Installation Server doubles as a proxy DHCP server to provide Boot Server and Filename instructions to clients. Remote Installation Service utilizes UDP port 4011[2] to provide clients the contents of each page the OS Chooser displays. Additionally, this service can provide drivers to clients; it is often used to provide the workstation's network card driver, which is required to launch the OS Chooser and mount the share where images are stored.

SERVER OPERATING SYSTEM (or Name of Windows Server - History)
NETWORK OPERAING SYSTEMS -

1. Windows NT Server.
2. Windows 2000 Server.
3. Windows 2003 Server.
4. Windows 2008 Server.
5. Windows Vista Server
6. Windows 7 Server.